While the specific cause or the cure for Alzheimer’s disease is not known, the disease appears to develop when the combined effects of certain risk factors reach a threshold level. Many of these risk factors are known but there are likely others that are yet to be identified. When the threshold level is reached, the brain’s ability to repair and maintain itself is overwhelmed, and the disease process begins. Risk factors increase the chances of getting Alzheimer’s disease. Age and genetics are two risk factors that can not be changed. However, it may be possible to reduce many of the other known risks for the disease through lifestyle choices.
Age - Advancing age is the most significant risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. Most people who develop Alzheimer’s disease are over the age of 65. However the disease process is thought to begin years before cognitive and memory impairments are apparent. It is important to remember that most people do not get Alzheimer’s disease as they age. It is not a normal part of aging. Whatever other risk factors are present, Alzheimer’s disease never sets in until some minimum adult age is reached.
Genes - The familial form of the disease (FAD), passed on directly from generation to generation, accounts for only about 7 per cent of the total incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. While the common form of the disease (sporadic Alzheimer’s disease) also has some genetic links much is still unknown. The majority of cases have no single identifiable cause. The role of genetics continues to be studied.
Other risk factors include:
• Unhealthy eating habits
• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol levels
• Strokes
• Obesity
• Stress
• Chronic inflammatory conditions
• History of clinical depression
• MCI (mild cognitive impairment)
• Low levels of physical activity
• Low socio-economic status
• Inadequate exercising of the brain
• Low levels of formal education
• Brain injury
• Smoking